1. Morin Ch, Culbert J, Schwartz S. Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Am J Psychiatry: 1994; 151: 1172-1180.

2. Murtagh D, Greenwood K. Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995; 63: 79-89.

3. Verbeek I, Schreuder K, Declerk G. Evaluation of short-term nonpharmacological treatment of insomnia in a clinical setting. J Psychosom Res. 1999; 47: 369-383.

4. Attele A, Xie J, Yuan C. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach. Altern Med Rev. 2000; 5: 249-259.

5. Lin Y. Acupuncture treatment for insomnia and acupuncture analgesia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995; 49: 119-120

6. Hauri P. Insomnia. Clin Chest Med 1998; 19: 1: 157-168.

7. Lacks P, Morin C. Recent advances in the assessment and treatment of insomnia. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992; 60: 586-594.

8. Holm K, Goa K. Zolpidem: an update of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia. Drugs. 2000; 59: 865-889.

9. Salvà P, Costa J. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995; 29: 142-153.

10. Gillin J. The long and short of sleeping pills. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 1735-1737.

11. Lader M. Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: are they justified? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999; 9 (suppl 6): S399-S405.

12. Mc Clusky, Milby J, Switzer P, Williams V, Wooten V. Efficacy of behavioral versus triazolam treatment in persistent sleep onset insomnia. Am J Psychiatry: 1991; 148: (1): 121-126.

13. Livingston M. Benzodiazepine dependence. Br J Hosp Med. 1994; 51: 281-286

14. Corser B, Mayleben D, Doghramji K, et al. No next-day residual sedation four hours after middle-of-the-night treatment with zaleplon. Sleep. 2000; 23 (suppl 2): A309.

15. Nowell P, Mazumdar S, Buysse D, Dew M, Reynolds C, Kupfer D. Benzodiazepines and zolpidem for chronic insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. JAMA. 1997; 278: 2170-2177.

16. Walsh J, Schweitzer P. Ten-year trends in the pharmacological treatment of insomnia. Sleep. 1999; 22: 371-375.

17. Gillin J, Rapaport M, Erman M, Winokur A, Albala B. A comparison of nefazodone and fluoxetine on mood and on objective, subjective, and clinician-rated measures of sleep in depressed patients: a double-blind, 8-week clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997; 58: 185-192.

18. Allard S, Sainati S, Roth-Schecter B, MacIntyre J. Minimal interaction between fluoxetine and multiple-dose zolpidem in healthy women. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998; 26: 617-622.

19. Kerkhofs M, Mendlewicz J. The effects of the antidepressant treatment on sleep disturbances in depression. Eur Psychiatry 1995; 10: 391-396.

20. Nierenberg A, Adler L, Peselow E, Zornberg G, Rosenthal M. Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994; 151: 1069-1072.

21. Viot-Blanc V. Modèles biologiques de la dépression: l 'effet des antidépresseurs sur le sommeil. L'Encéphale 1995 Sp 8: 35-40.

22. Grad R. Benzodiazepines for insomnia in community-dwelling elderly: a review of benefit and risk. J Fam Pract. 1995; 41: 473-481.

23. Kales A, Kales J. Insomnia: Evaluation and Treatment. Oxford University Press. New York. 1984.

24. Osuna E, Rubiano A. El paciente con insomnio. En Principios de la Medicina del Sueño. Upjohn Company. Bogotá - Colombia. 1994; 91-136.

25. Neutel C. Risk of traffic accident injury after a prescription of a benzodiazepine. Ann Epidemiol. 1995; 5: 239-244.

26. Morin Ch, Colecchi C, Ling W, Sood R. Cognitive behavior therapy to facilitate benzodiazepine discontinuation among hypnotic-dependent patients with insomnia. Behav Ther. 1995; 26: 733-745.

27. Moskowitz H, Linnoila M, Roehrs T. Psychomotor performance in chronic insomniacs during 14-day use of flurazepam and midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990; 10 (suppl 4): S44-S55.

28. Vartzopoulos D, Bozikas V, Phocas C, Karavatos A, Kaprinis G. Dependence on zolpidem in high dose. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000; 15: 181-182.

29. Walsh J, Erman M, Erwin C, et al. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSM-III-R in primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1998;13:191-198.

30. Scharf M, Roth T, Vogel G, Walsh J. A multicenter, placebo-controlled study evaluating zolpidem in the treatment of chronic insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994; 55: 192-1999.

31. Cirignotta F, Mondini S, Zucconi M, Gerardi R, Farolfi A, Lugaresi E. Zolpidem-polysomnographic study of the effect of a new hypnotic drug in sleep apnea syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1988; 29 (4): 807-809.

32. Steens R, Pouliot Z, Millar T, Kryger M, George C. Effects of zolpidem and triazolam on sleep and respiration in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sleep. 1993; 16 (4): 318-26.

33. Troy S, Lucki I, Unrush M, et al. Comparison of the effects of zaleplon, zolpidem, and triazolam on memory, learning, and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 328-337.

34. Ancoli-Israel S, Walsh J, Mangano R, Fujimori M. Zaleplon Clinical Study Group. Zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, effectively treats insomnia in elderly without causing rebound effects. Primary Care Companion to the J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 1: 114-120.

35. Dämgen K, Lüddens H. Zaleplon displays a selectivity to recombinant GABAA receptors different from zolpidem, zopiclona, and benzodiazepines. Neurosci Res Commun. 1999; 25: 139-148.

36. Elie R, Ruther E, Farr I, Emilien G, Salinas E. Sleep latency is shortened during 4 weeks of treatment with zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. Zaleplon Clinical Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60: 536-544.

37. Fry J, Scharf M, Mangano R, Fujimori M, and the Zaleplon Clinical Study Group. Zaleplon improves sleep without producing rebound effects in patients with insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000; 15: 141-152.

38. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.

39. Thase M. Antidepressant treatment of the depressed patient with insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60 (suppl 17): 28-31.

40. Neylan T. Treatment of sleep disturbances in depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995; 56 (suppl 2): 56-61.

41. Warner M, Peabody C, Whiteford H, Hollister L. Trazodone and priapism. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987; 48: 244-245.

42. Winokur A, Sateia M, Hayes J, et al. Effects of mirtazapine on sleep architecture in patients with major depression: a pilot study [abstract]. Biol Psychiatry. 1998; 43: 106S.

43. Salin-Pascual R, Galicia-Polo L, Drucker-Colin R. Sleep changes after 4 consecutive days of venlafaxine administration in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997; 58: 348-350.

44. Rush A, Armitage R, Gillin J, et al. Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1998; 44: 3-14.

45. Carruthers S, Shoeman D, Hignite C, Azarnoff D. Correlation between plasma diphenhydramine and antihistamine effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978; 23: 375-382.

46. Gengo F, Gabos C, Miller J. The pharmacodynamics of diphenhydramine-induced drowsiness and changes in mental performance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989; 45: 15-21.

47. Arendt J, Aldhous M, English J, Marks V, Arendt J. Some effects of jet-lag and their alleviation by melatonin. Ergonomics. 1987; 30:1379-1393.

48. Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, Zisapel N. Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet. 1995; 346: 541-544.

49. Dolberg O, Hirschmann S, Grunhaus L. Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998; 155: 1119-1121.

50. Dahlitz M, Alvarez B, Vignan J, English J, Arendt J, Parkes J. Delayed sleep phase syndrome response to melatonin. Lancet 1991; 337: 1121-1124.

51. Haimov I, Lavie P, Laudon M, et al. Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs. Sleep 1995; 18: 598-603.

52. Goldemberg F. Autres médicaments de l'insomnie. En Billiard M. Le sommeil normal et pathologique. Masson. Paris. 1994: 200-208

53. George C, Millar T, Hanly P, Dryger M. The effect of L-tryptophan on daytime sleep in normals: correlation with blood levels. Sleep, 1989; 12: 345-353

54. Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, Maurer A, Fietze I, Roots I. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000; 33: 47-53.

55. Wysowski D, Baum C, Ferguson W, Lundin F, Ng M, Hammerstrom T. Sedative-hypnotic drugs and the risk of hip fracture. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996; 49: 111-113.

56. Ray W, Griffin M, Downey W. Benzodiazepines of long and short elimination half-life and the risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 1989; 262: 3303-3307.